The Invasion Of Iraq By The United States Essay - 1847 Words

Over the previous two decades, the number of countries acquiring a democratic regime has increased dramatically. Democracy is a political regime allowing a system of government that is based on the belief of freedom and equal justice. Power is held by elected representatives through free and fair elections, resulting in a system that reflects the people’s choices. Democratic countries rarely, if ever, wage war on each other and tend to resolve disputes in a more peaceful manner rather than declaring war on their opposition. However, they are not the utopias of peace that many people envision democracies to be. The invasion of Iraq by the United States of America in 2003 stands as a strong example where the impact of a forced regime change has resulted in unrest and violence. IGO’s like the UN promote democracy in a less invasive and obstructive way and are a lot more successful. The invasion of Iraq clearly demonstrates the dangers of promoting democracy in an undemoc ratic international system. The spread of democracy cannot be imposed by force as it is discrediting the idea of freedom that the regime itself represents. Is democracy a reason for peace just as much as it is a justification for war? I believe democracy does make the world a more peaceful place, however, the forceful spread of democracy does not. Immanuel Kant in â€Å"Perpetual Peace† 1765 originally brought up the idea that democratic countries would be more peaceful than one with a monarchical governingShow MoreRelatedThe United States Invasion Of Iraq1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe Economic Surprise On March 20, 2003 the United States entered into a conflict on two fronts. While the United States military was moving into Iraq, the American economy was taking the first assault of a long and expensive fight. Victory was declared several years ago, and many are content to leave the story at that point. Advocates of the war have hailed its expediency and relatively minimal cost to the United States and its allies. The facts support a different conclusion. The truth lies inRead MoreThe United States 2003 Invasion Of Iraq1374 Words   |  6 Pages THE THEORYOF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THAT BEST EXPLAINS THE UNITED STATES’ 2003 INVASION OF IRAQ Name: University: Instructor: Date: Introduction The war in Iraq is noted to have been initiated by the American’s efforts to fight terrorism. At the time, the British and the Americans had affirmed that Saddam Hussein, the then Iraq’s leader was associated with terrorism that had internationalized. Moreover, they had established that Saddam HusseinRead MoreThe United Kingdom And Iraq During The Invasion Of Iraq1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe 2003 Invasion of Iraq began on 19 March and ended 1 May 2003 with coalition forces the United States and its allies (United Kingdom, Australia and Poland) invading Iraq, called Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United Kingdom Prime Minister at the time, Tony Blair felt that the threat of terrorism from Iraq must be dealt with immediately, with his speech in Texas 2002 saying that the United Kingdom must be prepared to act where weapons of mass destruction and terrorism loom over them. 1 The war endedRead MoreIraq Invasion of Kuwait vs US Iraq War Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pages Iraq Invasion of Kuwait vs U.S Iraq War Iraq and Kuwait have a long history; Kuwait played a huge part in the Iran-Iraq war, mostly financially. Open warfare began on September 22, 1980; Iraq claimed Iran shelled a number of border posts on September 4, 1980. Kuwait funded Iraq during the Iraq-Iran war, which caused tension between the two nations when Iraq couldn’t pay the $14 billion dollars back to Kuwait when it was time to settle their debt. The Iraqi government asked Kuwait to forgive theRead MoreThe Iraq Invasion Of Iraq1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iraq Invasion is definitely a subject of immense controversy regarding whether or not it was the appropriate action by the United States. Should the United States have interfered in Iraqi affairs? What was the real intention of accusing Iraq for having weapons of mass destruction and holding them accountable for the 9/11 terrorist attacks even though they were innocent of both allegations? Did the U.S. media cover all the truth in Iraq? Was the main purpose of the invasion the greed of oil Read MoreEssay The Invasion of Iraq was Illegal1703 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve the invasion of Iraq was illegal. However, the failed diplomatic policies of the United States are what led to the failed invasion of Iraq. George W. Bush sent an invasion to Iraq with only Congress approving his â€Å"Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002†. However, he did not have the authorization he needed from the United Nations, therefore, the invasion of Iraq was illegal. It is true that Saddam Hussein was killing his own people, but the United States shouldRead MoreThe Debate Over The U.s. Invasion Of Iraq1165 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Debate over the U.S. invasion of Iraq continues to foment dissension among international relation theorists. While the invasion can be evaluated through different IR theories, majority suggest the invasion can be assessed through two popular IR theories: Realism and Marxism. Also, I found another useful theory, which will fit in the case if this invasion is security dilemma. There is always controversial among international politics scholars, which discussed the theories that wereRead MoreTerrorism Between Iraq And The United States Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages After the gulf wars, a ceasefire was negotiated between the United Nations coalition and Iraq. During the ceasefire, the United Nations became aware that Iraq had started a biological warfare program in the 1980s, as well as a chemical warfare program. Upon further investigation, they found that these programs had not continued after the war. As a result, the United States main focus moving forward was the removal of the Saddam regime, their official foreign policy for years to come focused on thisRead MoreAmerica s Invasion Of Iraq1143 Words   |  5 PagesA Polarizing Topic: America’s Invasion of Iraq The Iraq war is a highly polarizing topic in the United States and abroad alike. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, there were a lot of discussions on terrorism, but former U.S. President George Bush (in office 2001-2009) addressed things differently. In the new globalized world, as we know, you need consensus amongst constituent nations to gain support for a war. However, the Iraq war did not have the support that was needed to build a successfulRead MorePolicemen of the World947 Words   |  4 Pagescongressional approval to send troops abroad, engage in bombing attacks, or dispatch US military personnel to work with international allies. The Unites States has been in more than 50 military actions in the last half century this can average out more than one a year. And to mention there is still no recollection to cast a verdict on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Since September 11, 2001, there have been many explanations of the ways in which the arrangement of global power is changing or will

The Concert At The Meyer Theater - 858 Words

On Wednesday, February seventeenth, I had the pleasure of attending Noteworthy’s concert at the Meyer-Mclean Theater. Noteworthy is an a capella group from Brigham Young University, and is composed entirely of female students. Though only one of the girls is a music major, all share an incredible love of music, and it showed in their thoughtful, energetic performance. Rather than having a theme for their concert, the nine singers of Noteworthy performed a wide variety of songs from different eras and genres of music. The one thing these pieces did have in common was their instrumentation: that is to say, they had none. All of the noises needed to recreate each piece, whether it was jazz or pop, were produced from the singers themselves. This style of music is called a capella. As with many types of music, a capella found its start in a religious setting. Around the year seventy A.D., rabbis prohibited the use of instruments in synagogues in order to distinguish their rituals from those of the pagans. Then, in the first century, monks created Gregorian chants, which were sung in monasteries and lacked instrumentation. They steadily rose in popularity through the eleventh century, being spread throughout the world by the Catholic Church. Later on, during the colonization of the America’s, African slaves took to singing their native songs without instruments, as they were not permitted any. This tradition inspired the barbershop quartets of the early 1900’s, which oftenShow MoreRelatedAugust Rush Movie Review1407 Words   |  6 PagesA. Title of the Film August Rush B. Lead Characters ï‚ ¯ Evan Taylor (August Rush) – Freddie Highmore ï‚ ¯ Lyla Novacek – Keri Russell ï‚ ¯ Louis Connelly – Jonathan Rhys Meyers C. Director Kirsten Sheridan D. Setting of the Story ï‚ ¯ New York, USA ï‚ ¯ San Francisco, USA ï‚ ¯ Chicago, USA E. Summary of the Film The main character, Evan Taylor, can hear music in everything around him. He is being raised in an orphanage with no contact with his parents, although he insists that he can hear them. Evan believesRead MoreA Character Analysis of Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill Essay830 Words   |  4 Pagesdescription of Miss Brills simple life and the personal privacy she appears to enjoy seem quite plausible. It would not be difficult to imagine her teaching her young charges, reading to the elderly, and finally topping off the week with a Sunday concert in the park where people are living, laughing, loving and singing. Miss Brill engages in shameless people watching. She has taken the practice of keen observation and elevated it to an art form. 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League on Nations founded 1920 as an integral part of Treaty of Versailles atRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 Pagesaccounts – Revenue cycle i. Decide how many units to make next month – Production cycle j. Complete picking ticket for customer order – Revenue cycle k. Record factory employee timecards - Human resources/payroll cycle l. Sell concert tickets – Revenue cycle m. Draw on line-of-credit – Financing cycle n. Send new employees to a business ethics course - Human resources/payroll cycle o. Pay utility bills – Expenditure cycle p. Pay property taxes on officeRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pages Page 49 49 Associating does, alphabetically with theater under T. Instead, while theater will associate with T, it will also associate with all of the other knowledge stored in the brain that the brain associates with it. 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Employer Associations and Modern Awards for Legitimacy Power

Question: Discuss about theEmployer Associations and Modern Awards for Legitimacy Power Answer: Introduction The modern awards system as applied in Australia has attracted the attention of various stakeholders. The employer associations have incessantly advocated for substantial changes on this awards system (McKell Institute n.d). Knox (2009) maintains that the issues regarding penalty flexibility and rates stemming from companies. The employer associations have made submissions relating the changing of modern awards systems. Studies have provided evidence showing that the associations are sensitive to the cost minimization goals (Craig Brown 2015). Indeed, the employer associations seem to enhance managerial prerogative instead of emphasizing performance and productivity. Based on this issue, the article will focus on managerial productivity, flexibility and prerogative and penalty rates. The discussion will pay attention to the modern awards changes. The management practices focus on cost efficiency, managerial and legitimacy power, and controllable flexibility (Boxall Purcell 2016). These management goals are critical in determining the organizational success and productivity. The identified goals have formed the basis of debate as stipulated by various employer associations. To this effect, the managers have recognized the significance of their roles that revolve around resource combination, allocation, and utilization to realize organizational objectives (Jackson 2015). Over the years, companies have observed significant changes relating to the involvement of employer association. The employee association have the responsibility to influencing and negotiating with the government and tribunals so that their issues and concerns can be addressed mutually as explained by Productivity Commission (2015). Studies have identified key system issues relating to employer associations (Grattan 2016). For instance, most of the association advocate for the restriction of union rights, penalty rates, and related provisions that incorporate procedural and substantial rules. The debate regarding modern awards began in 2012 that saw the leading employer associations opted to promote provisions that are more workable (Wooden 2012). The associations also campaigned for substantial changes on the modern awards systems. Without a doubt, the employer associations have had to deal with numerous submissions to the tribunals touching on different claims such as flexibility, public holidays, and penalty rates. Technically, the penalty rates are important to the affected stakeholders. As a result, they view penalties based on financial context and the related benefits associated with the workers payments, in particular when the employees work beyond the normal working hours (Markey 2015). Sloane (2014) states that the motivation of regulators is based on the penalty rates. These penalties are viewed in different forms such as worker compensation for the tasks performed during the unsociable hours. The regulator also uses the association to dissuade them from engagi ng in tasks within the historical unsociable hours. Sheldon and Thornwaite (2013) showed that the employer association advocate for the reviews of modern awards. To the employers, the award reviews offer opportunities for the associations and employers to campaign for the importance of these penalties in industrial operations within the unsociable hours. It is evident that companies prefer employer associations that enhance managerial prerogatives than performance and productivity. Indisputably, the employers should focus on the managerial productivity, which concerns the cost of resources (White 2017). Based on the debates, the push for reviewing the penalty rates seem to affect the retail and tourism industries. Arguably, the penalty rates provisions are unfriendly and require immediate review. Flexibility encompasses various components in the workplace context. This factor involves critical thinking about the lives of the working class. Healy (2016) held that employers should be flexible in structuring the rates that are in tandem with the business and individual needs. The individuals who advocated for the amendments of flexibility provisions and penalty rates paid attention to the manufacturing companies. White (2017) has identified the efforts the Australian government is making to respond to the needs of the employees. This has seen the employers compelled to pursue greater complexity. Interestingly, the greater flexibility focuses on the cashing and taking out the annual leaves to minimize costs. The cost cutting initiatives using the control measures have caused the underlying concepts relating to the managerial prerogative. According to (), the elevated managerial prerogative are unacceptable and many stakeholders view it as illegal because it emphasizes the aspects of managements unqualified authority in undertaking their discretion. The managers working under such prerogative provisions believe in an exclusive right to make decisions. Such managers resist interference with their control as explained by Duncan and Daly (2015). Barry (2016) explained the managerial prerogative based in the defensive context using aggressive industrial actions. In fact, the historical aspects affi rm that aggressive industrial actions have strengthened the managerial prerogative. Healy (2016) demonstrated the managerial prerogative based on the organizations decisions. This followed the efforts by the managers to participate in a lockout. To entrench the managerial prerogative, the employers wanted to participate in the aggressive bargaining strategies. These efforts ensured the disputes were escalated so that the managers access the arbitration that tends to affect the organization productivity. Indisputably, the managers should emphasize productivity by investing in greater efficiency and flexible and fair employment provisions. It is imperative for the managers to trust work systems that embrace fair working opportunities. According to Knox (2009), productivity is an important factor with economic connotation. It justifies that the organization utilizes its resources efficiently. It thus measures the achievement of workers using the output resulting from the utilization of the primary resources such as capital, land, and labour (Wooden 2012). Productivity and penalty rates are distinct based on the definition context. Wooden (2012) has identified the concerns relating to the Fair Work Act. White (2017) has reported that the Fair Work Commission considered increasing the minimum wage. In fact, the Australian Council of Trade Unions has advocated for A$45-a-week rise (Australian Council of Trade Unions 2015). According to the employer associations, the current business trends can rarely afford the proposed wage increases. To this effect, the industry wants the minimum wage to be capped at 1.5 percent. To the employer associations, the Fair Work Act hampers productivity growth, competitiveness, and workplace flexibility thus affirming that penalty rates can rarely affect the productivity rates (White 2017). Walsh (2015) affirmed the position of White (2017) relating the employers associations that value cost cutting efforts and instilling the managerial prerogative. To these employer associations, enhancing productivity and performance rarely supersede the managerial prerogative and cost cutting. Desloires and Dunckley (2015) have explored the impact of the Fair Work Act on the employer association. Based on the exploration, it is evident that the employers have lost managerial prerogative thus weakening their freedom to contract as explained by Wooden (2012). According to Hannan (2017), employers have completed disregarded the efforts to increase the penalty rate. They have opposed the proposal of penalty rates increase. However, the Fair Work Commission published the submission of various parties on how the tribunal should hand the issue, as it will affect over 600,000 workers (Hannan 2017). The move to apply the penalty rate would compel employers to avoid Sunday penalty rates. The current Sunday rates would double the regular wage thus pushing the costs as explained by Woodman (2014). Since employers favour cost cutting initiatives, they might be discouraged from offering the work at unsociable time. The Australian Hotel Association view the new rates to be unfair thus opposing the take-home pay. According to Hannan (2017), these employers argue that the take-home pay orders should be applied to part-time and permanent workers who worked for over 34 Sundays. The Pharmacy Guild of Australian also submitted that the penalty cuts in instalments could be offset by the current minimum wage (Hannan 2017, par. 4). Hannan (2017) further identified the Australian Retailers Association and the National Retail Association supported the penalty cuts but opposed any effort to introduce the take-home pay orders. The economic impact of penalty cut will be felt in the hospitality and retail industry. According to McKell Institute (n.d), the retail and hospitality industry accounts for over eighteen percent of the rural Australia workforce. This sector employs over 500,000 million. Therefore, any partial abolition of these penalties would see the rural Australia lose $691.5 million annually. In fact, full abortion of the penalty would impose worse situation to the rural Australia as they stand to lose $1.55 billion annually (Haynes 2017). Conclusion Based on the finding in this article, it has emerged that employer associations are disappointed with the equitable and productive workplace. The move to cut the penalty rates has affected the employers across Australia. In fact, the Fair Work Commission has advocated for an increase of minimum wage. Unfortunately, the employers have remained adamant to adopt the changes that entrench aspect of productivity and performance. The employer associations value managerial prerogative instead of enhancing productivity. This demonstrated that the employers are concerned with their managerial prerogative and cost cutting. Conversely, the amalgamation of various managerial concepts would enhance organizational competitiveness. The employer associations made submissions that appear to have obscured the significance of the issues relating to penalty rate cut, flexibility, and productivity. Interestingly, the employer associations appear to value the working conditions of managers at the expense of workforce. Bibliography Australian Council of Trade Unions. 2015, Turnbull must reject Productivity Commission call to cut take-home pay, 21 December https://www.actu.org.au/actu-media/media-releases/2015/turnbull-must-reject-productivity-commission-call-to-cut-take-home-pay [website], date accessed 18 April 2017. Barry, M. 2016 Employer and employer association matters in 2015, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 340 - 355. Boxall, P. Purcell, J. 2016, Strategy and Human Resource Management, Third Edition, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, Chapter 1 The Goals of Human Resource Management, pp. 1-33. Craig, L. Brown, J.E. 2015, Nonstandard work and non-work activities, time alone and with others: Can weekend workers make up lost time? Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 3 23. Desloires, V. Dunckley, N. 2015, Employers step up efforts to get rid of penalty rates, Sydney Morning Herald, 3 January, page 1, https://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/anznews/docview/1641402602/8E1DE46003374D59PQ/3?accountid=36155 [database], date accessed 18 April 2017. Duncan, A. Daly, A. 2015, Fact check QA: Are a lot of cafes and restaurants closing because of Sunday penalty rates?, The Conversation, August 17, https://theconversation.com/factcheck-qanda-are-a-lot-of-cafes-and-restaurants-closing-because-of-sunday-penalty-rates-45951 Grattan, M. 2016, Penalty rate cut will hurt economy without helping business: Labour, The Conversation, March 21, https://theconversation.com/penalty-rate-cut-will-hurt-economy-without-helping-business-labor-56571 [website], date accessed 19 April 2017. Hannan, E. 2017, Mar 24, Employers Call for Penalty Rate Cuts to be Imposed by July 2018, The Australian, Mar 24, https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/employers-call-for-penalty-rate-cuts-to-be-delayed-until-july-2018/news-story/300e9979f874b56dc44a79ad0371b039 [website], date accessed 19 April 2017. Healy, J. 2016, The Australian labour market in 2015, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 308 323. Jackson, S. 2015, Frozen wages, insecure jobs, struggling youth, rising inequality, shrinking unions join the dots, The Conversation, November 26, https://theconversation.com/frozen-wages-insecure-jobs-struggling-youth-rising-inequality-shrinking-unions-join-the-dots-50981 [website], date accessed 20 April 2017. Knox, A. 2009, Better the devil you know? An analysis of employers bargaining preferences in the Australian hotel industry, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 25-44. Markey, R. 2015, Myths about penalty rates and those who rely on them, The Conversation, November 16, https://theconversation.com/myths-about-penalty-rates-and-those-who-rely-on-them-49947 [website], date accessed 19 April 2017. McKell Institute. (n.d), Who loses when penalty rates are cut? The economic impact of penalty rate cuts in Australias retail and hospitality industries. https://www.sda.org.au/download/industrial-research/The-McKell-Institute-Report-Who-Loses-Penalty-Rates-Are-Cut.pdf [website], date accessed 19 April 2017. Productivity Commission. 2015, Workplace Relations Framework Final Report, Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, vol. 1, no. 76, 30 November, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/workplace-relations/report [website], date accessed 19 April 2017. Sheldon, P. Thornthwaite, L. 2013, Employer and employer association matters in 2012, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 386-402. Sloane, J. 2014, Pay penalty rates, but not through awards system. Walsh, L. 2015, A day of rest: the costs of removing penalty rates, The Conversation, 3 February, https://theconversation.com/a-day-of-rest-the-costs-of-removing-penalty-rates-36911 [website], date accessed 18 April 2017. White, G. 2017, Explainer: how wage growth contributes to the economy, The Conversation, April 12, https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-wage-growth-contributes-to-the-economy-75625 [website], date accessed 20 April 2017. Wooden, M. 2012, Penalty Rates in Awards: do we really need them?, The Conversation, 10 September, https://theconversation.edu.au/penalty-rates-in-awards-do-we-really-need-them-9255 [website], date accessed 19 April 2017. Woodman, D. 2014, Before you call for penalty rates to be cut, try working a few Sundays, The Conversation, 19 August, https://theconversation.com/before-you-call-for-penalty-rates-to-be-cut-try-working-a-few-sundays-30594 [website], date accessed 17 April 2017.

Legislative Branch Essays - Constitutional Law, Philosophy Of Law

Legislative Branch Ryan Francom ENGL 2010 Portfolio 2: Proposal Final Draft Judiciary Our last hope Our flags have been raised from half-staff to full-staff since the terrorist attacks in the New York area and most of us Americans seem to be increasingly aware of our protecting freedoms. In 1787, our founding fathers created the greatest contract or agreement for freedom ever known to mankind. My Brief American Pageant history book lists two fundamental principles that directed them to the establishment of our Constitution. These guidelines were that, the only legitimate government was one based on the consent of the governed and that the powers of the government should be limited (117). Our Constitution clearly states that the power rests first in the people, then the states, and lastly, the United States. Thats why the preamble begins We the People. But do we fully understand our rights, powers, or freedoms: furthermore, does each state know theirs? To put it quite frankly, weve slowly turned over our powers to the Federal Government and they have been deceitfully abusing the pow ers vested unto them without a fight on our part? Now, let me reassure you, my readers, that America is great. Its not so because a bunch of people in Washington have told us what to do, but because people have been free to do great things on their own. However, we are now faced with a perpetuating greedy government that is extolling their power (that has been handed to them on a temporary basis) to satisfy their own carnal desires. The more power they have, the less power the people have. This is the exact same principle upon which our union was brought together by. You see, the first thirteen colonies knew that if they gave up all their power and didnt remain sovereign that they would be completely ruled by a one-world government. Utahs former State Secretary Joseph Stumph understood this principle and explained it quite well in his book The Constitution Hanging by a Thread. Once the Union was formed, many of the Founders and many of the ratifying State Conventions were still skeptical about the potential for abuse of power by Th e Federal Government. Thats why they, therefore, shortly afterward, adopted the first ten Amendments, The Bill of Rights, to doubly insure that all parties understood the Central Government was to be very limited in the powers the states had given up for the sake of the union (4). Thats why the Tenth Amendment reads as follows, The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. But the fact still remains, our Federal Government has become way to powerful and were at the verge of loosing the few powers that are still ours. My fellow citizens, Im now going to show you where, how, and why some of our systems are faltering. To start out, Im going to use a prime example of how our Executive branch has in short, abused their powers. Most recently, former President Clinton and the Marc Rich case. Here our two-termed honorable President pardoned his friend, colleague, and finance contributor in his last days in office. BBC News, in their attempt to cover this top story, says that, Marc Rich, the multi-millionaire fled to Switzerland 17 years ago while facing more than 50 charges of tax evasion and illegal oil trading (Author unknown). President Clinton signed his John Doe to release all charges against this traitor of justice. Ironically, this wasnt the only one; he signed for 141 of these types of pleas. This has caught criticism from both the Republicans and Democrats on Capitol Hill (Author unknown). And it should. If this is not abusing power I dont know what is. Next, our Legislative branches continually infringe upon some of the laws that they themselves legislate. Take for instance, the 1992 banking scandal in the House of Representatives. In a three-year period, 355 members of Congress wrote 20,000 bad checks, according to the General Accounting Office. This was all tax payers money our money. There are lots of people serving time in jails in this country for the same

Management problems in social media

Why a Multi-Party System in Pakistan Essays

Why a Multi-Party System in Pakistan Essays Why a Multi-Party System in Pakistan Paper Why a Multi-Party System in Pakistan Paper Political parties are the flesh and blood of political system. The strengths and weaknesses, successes and failures, pros and cons of a political structure are highly associated with the Political Party System. Giovanni Sartori suggested a method to classify the political party systems on the basis of number of effective political parties. In this way three main political party systems are defined; Uni-party system, Bi-party system and Multi-party system. Each system has its own distinct characteristics and advantages along with disadvantages. In Uni-party system a single dominating party is protected by the constitution to govern. In Bi-party system two major parties contest elections and make governments alternately and freely without the help of other. Multi-party system as Sartori defines is one where no party can guarantee an absolute majority. Governments are coalition based. Around 7 to 10 parties compete with each other and represent different interest groups. But in some countries the number may vary from tens to hundreds. In Pakistan 250 political parties are registered with Election Commission of Pakistan. Why such a big number of Political parties in a country of just 20 crore people? Why this extent of Multipartism in Pakistan? Is this the sign of healthy democracy? Why do we not have Uni-party or Bi-party system? Why Multi-party system in Pakistan? The answer to all these questions is same and its roots lie in the history of our social, political and cultural transformation. Social and Political systems are highly correlated to each other. Around the globe, diversity in social systems accounts for diverse political systems. Party system being primary ingredient of political system is deeply rooted in the cultural and social fabric of nations. People having unified cultural identity tend to possess similar ideas. Take the case of China, people have unified Confucius belief and their culture sprouts from his teachings. Social system of Chinese people revolves around Confucius principles. They do not possess diverse social systems internally. This unification of social code has helped them to adopt a single political view represented by the Communist party. Countries like Cuba and North Korea have similar political system. These countries are known to be under Totalitarian rule. People are not enthusiastic for democracy. Class difference has been eliminated to some extent under communism and hence people are not driven by class interests. As Marx was of the view that political struggle is mainly driven by economic motives. Uni-party system discourages free economic activities to minimize the class struggle and thus political interests are held to a certain extent that do not come eye to eye with the interests of single dominating party. If we compare the social and political evolution of Pakistan to the above stated characteristics of a society with unified political structure under the umbrella of a Single party, we find many dissimilarities leading to a difference in political thoughts between the two societies. Pakistan is a society with diverse cultures. Here diversity of cultures has given birth to variety of political interests. Each interest group has adopted a distinguished identity in the form of a political party. Here people vote for the interests of baradris, tribes, clans, sects, businesses and personalities. Pakistani society is still in evolutionary process, nascent as its age is just 66 years. People are yet to clothe themselves into a nation. The colliding interests of different ethnic groups do not let them trust each other. They find it suitable to safeguard their interests on their own. Each province has a different composition of political set up. MQM and PPP in Sindh, ANP in Khyber Pakhtunkha, PML-N in Punjab, Nationalists and few affluent people in Baluchistan are prominent on political scene. Whilst in centre PPP and PML-N are two political power hubs. Coalition governments in centre as well as provinces are fundamental feature of political system of country. On the other hand if we compare our socio-political set up with those countries having Bi-party system, we find some similarities along with dissimilarities. Similarities include 1) both are pro democracy 2) both guarantee practice of freedom of speech 3) both are flexible and allow adjustments according to needs of time. Bi-party system is present in its obvious form in United States. In US politically oriented people consider their only realistic way to capture political power is to be either a Republican or Democrat. Historians are of the view that Bi-party system evolved in US due to the tug of power between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. In other words it evolved out of two different opinion holder groups. Number of different opinion groups is in reality the number of political parties in the country. US has two large opinion groups other being very small are insignificant. In Pakistan the number of influential opinion groups is very large and so is the number of political parties. Another dominant factor in determining the type of party system is the Electoral procedure. Political experts say that in an Electoral process where Winner-Takes-All principle is in action, only Bi-party system would develop. Winner-Takes-All means only the majority vote-taker will be given all power as practiced in US. Whereas Party-Proportional-Representation gives all the parties an opportunity to get seats in legislature in accordance with the proportion of votes obtained. In Pakistan even smaller political parties are able to secure at least one seat in legislature to ensure their existence. Another difference lies in the economic condition of people in both the countries. People with prosper economies are less hostile and divided. People in Pakistan are divided in elite, upper, middle, low and lower classes. People in villages and urban areas are distant from each other not only physically but ideologically as well. Unification of thought and idea in Pakistan is not as strong as in US. Gary Cox described the reasons for Bi-party system in US beautifully in these words: The bounty of the American economy, the fluidity of American society, the remarkable unity of the American people, and, most important, the success of American experiment have all mitigated against the emergence of large dissenting groups that would seek satisfaction of their special needs through the formation of political parties. As Cox described the presence of certain qualities prevented the Multi-party system to evolve in US, the absence of same has resulted in the development of Multi-party system in Pakistan. If we sum up the whole discussion following factors are found responsible for the development of Multi-party system in Pakistan: 1) Pakistani society is not unified in cultural and organizational aspects. 2) People are divided into distant groups and classes on the basis of economic disparities. 3) People are driven by class interests based on Bradris, clans, tribes, ethnicity, sects and favorite personalities. 4) Pakistani society is still nascent and is striving to achieve stability by establishing balance between opposing interests of different groups. 5) Parliamentary form of government that works on principle of Party-Proportional-representation, allows each party to survive. Some political scientists are of the view that Multi-party system is a result of chaos and conflicting ideas and hence it results in further chaos. On the other hand some regard it as More Democratic practice as it ensures the participation and representation of more interest groups and provides more choice. Whatever be the goods and bads of Multi-Party system, it is the only viable and pragmatic approach to the political needs of the people of Pakistan.

Industry Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Industry Report - Research Paper Example The researcher will focus on individual performance for each of the brands, seek to evaluate the best performing, understand their market segmentation, and marketing mix. In this section, the researcher is going to argue out each and every vehicle brand depending on the consumer appreciation feedback and statistics about their luxurious products. Following the results released by Forbes Insights, data collected from BIGinsight.com have guided the multibillion dollar firm to come up with a comprehensive listing of the leading luxury automotive brands graded using a composite score that gives ranking according to customer satisfaction and loyalty of the customers to the vehicle brand (Maynard 32). Audi, an up-and-coming alternative luxury brand, has attracted a myriad of consumers over the past few years and this explains why the average price for one of its vehicles is now at $5, 000. This has been viewed as the greatest of all times improvement after the economy went on crisis and experienced a slow recovery due to external factors such as inflation; the auto industry has been bouncing back from the depths of 2009 where its sales hit the sea floor, but the thirst for luxury remains powerful. In 2011, Audi posted their highest sales ever in a market flooded by a myriad of locomotive manufacturers (Hoffmann and Ivan 66). The German automobile manufacturer is a member of the German Big 3 luxury automakers, which are BMW and Mercedes-Benz and are the three best-selling luxury automakers in the world. Audi produces fully guaranteed galvanized cars to prevent corrosion and is recognized as the first auto-maker to introduce this module in its body shell after which Porsche followe d. Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (Bavarian Motor Works) is a German automobile that was founded in 1916 and has never disappointed since then. It is the parent company of Rolls Royce Motor Cars, has a new class model which was a line of compact sedans