A view from the bridge by Arthur Miller Essay Example

A view from the scaffold by Arthur Miller Paper Consider the significance of Italian faithfulness in the play A view from the extension by Arthur Miller. Daniel Bishop In the play A View From The Bridge Arthur Miller continually passes on the extraordinary good significance of unwaveringness towards others, be it outsiders or close family in a firmly connected Italian-American people group in 1950s Brooklyn. Eddie Carbone qualities and respects these unwritten laws as much as any other individual, yet notwithstanding admonitions, his own urgency and narrow-mindedness gradually drives him to dismiss these qualities and thusly endure the cruel Italian equity of the individuals that once remained by him. Alfieris opening discourse gives us a concise knowledge into the methods of this Italian people group. He portrays how individuals are still Italian, keeping to strange notions when he says, I regularly imagine that behind that odd little gesture of theirs falsehood 3,000 years of doubt; this additionally shows to what extent they can hold resentment, being entirely decent. He additionally makes reference to how individuals are more than ready to go rogue, because of respect and retaliation when he states, Oh, there were numerous here who where legitimately shot by low men. Equity is significant here. We will compose a custom paper test on A view from the extension by Arthur Miller explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on A view from the scaffold by Arthur Miller explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on A view from the extension by Arthur Miller explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This shows individuals are much the same as children, in the event that they dont get what the need they get irritated and proceed to shoot somebody and that they are so glad to go rogue. Later we likewise figure out how close the network is and how they all know one another and every others business. He additionally gives a little trace of a since a long time ago, drawn out occasion that is exceptionally awful and will likely end in torment when he says, another legal advisor, contrastingly dressed, heard a similar grumbling and stayed there as feeble as I, and watched it run its bleeding course. This is alluding to Eddies disintegration of character The main, genuine clarification of the seriousness of Italian dedication is found out in the Carbone family unit toward the start of Act One. The family is during supper examining the appearance of the illicit workers; this is critical in light of the fact that one of the most genuine demonstrations of disloyalty is informing migration regarding shrouded unlawful migrants. Eddie stresses the reality of not telling anybody as a result of the opportunity of being gotten, as expressed prior, everybody knows everyones business. This is indicated when Eddie states; in the event that you said it you knew it, on the off chance that you didnt state it you didnt know it. Eddie likewise reviews an account of a kid who squealed about his shrouded uncle, his own family turned on him, they spat on him in the road, which implies they no longer have any regard for him and isn't viewed as a major aspect of the family or network. This shows the seriousness of the communitys own equity framework, and how double-crossing and disrespecting is one of the most noticeably awful wrongdoings in their eyes. This story is amusing as Eddie does the very same thing, yet with more terrible results, thusly making him a deceiver. Eddie plainly complies with these laws of the network until further notice. The entire explanation he is removing in these settlers is from devotion. He tells Catherine, simply recall, kid, you can snappier get back a million dollars that was took than a word you parted with. This shows the Italians solid resentment once more. As a crowd of people, at this point have taken in the reality of Italian qualities and the obligations that accompany them. Marco presents another part of Italian faithfulness through his character, the manner in which he acts and speaks with various characters in an unexpected way. He is clearly courteous to Eddie and has incredible regard for him for taking him and his sibling in, taking the covers from my bed as it is put by Eddie later. There isnt much contact among Marco and Beatrice and Catherine, yet he clearly cherishes his sibling. Marco cherishes his family so much that the entire explanation he has come to America, the place where there is chances to acquire cash for his very poor family, this shows the significance of family. Marco is incredibly thankful and doesnt need to affront Eddie, he even advises his sibling to hush up brutally so as not to irritate him, there is a significant demonstration of dependability all through this scene, Eddie has taken in these two outsiders at extraordinary hazard beyond a shadow of a doubt or need of remuneration absolutely out of dedication to Beatrice and her family. Toward the finish of Act One we see the developing strain brought about by Catherine and Rodolphos relationship bubble over somewhat. Eddie has gotten threatening out of envy and transparently questions Rodolphos sexuality, Eddie has given the indication to the crowd that he will be dependable, or possibly halfway for the cataclysmic finish of the play. Marco acts cool and doesnt notice (or overlooks) the pressure until the boxing episode which everybody thinks went somewhat far, however the strain is brought down yet espresso and discussion, yet, out of steadfastness to his sibling, Marco still wants to subconsciously challenge Eddie with the seat occurrence, giving an admonition that he has the ability to stop Eddie should this go any further and that in the event that it comes to picking sides he will safeguard his siblings respect. Here stage bearing speaking to this; Marco is up close and personal with Eddie, a stressed pressure grasping his eyes and jaw, his neck firm, the seat raised like a weapon over Eddies head and he changes what may seem like a look of caution into a grin of triumph, and Eddies smile disappears as he assimilates this look. Toward the start of Act Two Eddie showcases his emotions towards Catherine and Rodolpho in an intoxicated fierceness, the crowd can make their own decisions upon this however most will free a great deal of regard for Eddie, as do the characters. Eddie still denies his emotions and acts and his explanations behind them yet nobody is persuaded and this implicates him further. Marco still doesnt take care of this, conceivably in light of the fact that he trusts it was the liquor. We have now observed the change Eddie has experienced, every one of his ethics and qualities which he maintained toward the beginning of the play have everything except crumbled, and more awful, he doesnt acknowledge or care, all he ponders is himself and how to get himself out of circumstances. All he needs is his regard and poise, which everybody concurs he doesnt merit. Alfieri shows incredible feeling of dedication as he is a man of the law yet accepts that Eddie shouldnt turn them in due to trust, reliability and the unwritten code. In spite of Alfieris unforgiving alerts (which are extremely precise) Eddie overlooks him and does what he believes is ideal and submits one of a definitive demonstrations of disloyalty, the crowd presently thinks about how genuine Eddie was with Catherine about mystery and miracle how this difference in face occurred. Alfieris alerts were similar to Eddies anecdote about the little fellow toward the beginning, Alfieri says; even the individuals who comprehend you will betray you, even the ones who feel a similar will disdain you! Alfieri some way or another comprehends Eddies sentiments and circumstance well indeed. In the last scene, Eddie has submitted the selling out and everybody responds how the crowd would expect, everybody severely dislikes Eddie and has walked out on him, yet Eddie feels some regret as movement thumps at the entryway. This is all to much for Marco, and on the grounds that this would bring about sending him home he won't have the option to accommodate his family and in principle Eddie has executed his family, Marco spits on Eddie in the road, this shows Eddie has submitted an unpleasant demonstration against the network. Catherine currently despises Eddie, naturally, she even says; Hes a rodent! this must influence Eddie extraordinarily in light of the fact that he did it so he could be nearer to her. What is extremely odd is that Beatrice is as yet faithful to Eddie, as she won't go to the wedding under his order, this doesnt essentially mean she despite everything adores him however is potentially as yet maintaining her marital promises and the dedication of being a spouse. Marco anyway needs blood, he is anxious to recover equity and go rogue as Alfieri depicted toward the start. This, combined with Eddies interest for regard definitely prompts the showdown, neither have anything to free and through Eddies passing his spirit is cleaned and equity is done according to the network. Alfieris shutting discourse portrays how nobody needs what they cannot have without chance, dissimilar to Eddie and everybody is in an ideal situation thusly. This play has tried the boundaries of Italian reliability and how significant it is else you basically dont fit in, likewise how serious the disciplines are. Through Eddie the network and the crowd become progressively mindful of these things and are reminded why they live by their guidelines.

Semi-structured interviews | Analysis

Semi-organized meetings | Analysis An exploratory utilization of semi-organized meetings Presentation This article reports my understandings of meeting as a subjective research strategy and the experience of an exploratory utilization of it. Considering the wide research territory of my PhD study, learning and appraisal, the key information I will uncover will be students own view of their learning. A few information could presumably be exhumed from the results of their learning, for example, learning logs, exercise manuals, or instructors criticisms, that demonstrate their encounters and assessments of their learn. In the event that the information are deficient, in any case, I need to did meetings to assemble the information required. Subsequently, I picked semi-organized meeting as the technique I would go for this task. The ease of use of semi-organized meetings There are numerous sorts of meetings which are separated by how much the meetings are organized and what number of members are associated with one meeting (Fontana Frey, 2000; Punch, 2005)㠢⠁â . In spite of the fact that meetings are fundamentally posing inquiries and accepting answers utilizing the media of language, various kinds of meeting depend on various presumptions (Punch, 2005, p. 169)㠢⠁â . Artisan (2002, pp. 63-66)㠢⠁â calls attention to that the decision of semi-organized meetings is most likely a pointer to the accompanying convictions and reasons: People groups understandings, sentiments, recognitions and other internal considerations just as the cooperations with others are portions of the social reality. This reality could be uncovered by portrayals and understandings through language. What has been uncovered is situational information which will be bound to be recreated under its due setting. In proper structure, the ideal setting could be brought into the meeting discussions. Subjective meetings don't plan to normalize yet to accomplish more as far as profundity, subtlety, unpredictability, and roundedness of what is to be comprehended. Talking is a procedure of information age and the questioner plays a functioning and reflexive job in it. Interviewees ought to have more controls and opportunities all through the meeting communications. Taking Masons see, if an examination shares part or the entirety of the above depictions, it would discover suitable to utilize semi-organized meetings as an information age technique. The exploratory request I have done is actually one of these cases. Directing the meeting Subsequent to tuning in to me discussing my showing encounters in and perspective on Taiwanese schools, a British individual understudy, George (name changed) said he accepts that there ought to be various sorts of schools. This reaction encouraged my interest since he was the third British individuals who finished up our discussion in such thought that rapidly rises above the division of positive or negative. This once in a while occurred while I was including in comparative discussions in Taiwan. I wonder how his conviction on instruction was framed. So I welcomed him to member my meeting, and he concurred. The topics and the members I picked this topic and this members to meet dependent on a practical thought. There are constrained individuals advantageously accessible to be met by me and there are likewise a couple of topics identified with my examination, however it will be a significant request in particular if any of these individuals has a remark about any of those subjects. At the point when they are coordinated, the meeting is bound to be made charming to the member and, in this way, will be increasingly moral, as well (Mason, 2002)㠢⠁â . My solicitations of meeting had been denied twice until I fortunately distinguished the present member coordinated with the present topic. Inquiries for the meeting I at that point made an arrangement of talking comprising with three sections. Toward the start, I would help George to remember our past discussion by restating it. Subsequent to affirming that he recalled that it, as well, I would bring up my underlying issue: I'm not catching your meaning precisely by I accept there ought to be various types of schools in our past discussion? I anticipated that this inquiry should bring back the setting of our past talk, and explain his own understanding of that articulation. Besides, I would clarify that the key inquiry of this meeting is how would you think this conviction was structure? Also, I would pose further inquiries as per Georges reactions investigate all the more profoundly until the appropriate response fulfills me or taking note of an aroma of Georges having nothing or not ready to go further on this theme. At long last, I would welcome him to remark on one the Summerhill School, just as to gauge what number of British offer comparable convictions with him by his own recognition. I expected his remarking on one of the most extraordinary instances of tutoring in England and self-situating among others could help me uncovering a greater amount of his position of instructive way of thinking. Recording I have likewise considered the method used to record the meeting. The decision of recording technique was dependent upon both the accessibility of hardware and the reason which the meeting would be broke down for. Taking into account that the interviewee would be thinking about his remark on my past talk from the angles influenced by my inquiries, the substance of the meeting discussion would presumably not exist yet and I would be associated with the procedure of its age. The worth I hold before the meeting would compel my angle to see the discussion and. Along these lines, I need the expressed words and their groupings in the discussion to be recorded autonomously from my judgment. I figured a voice recorder would carry out the responsibility well. Voice recording, as other chronicle technique, could just halfway record the meeting (Mason, 2002; Silverman, 2001)㠢⠁â , by the by, the voice record could be replayed the same number of times as I need and it additionally keeps the first successions of discussion which set each single sentence into the specific circumstance (Silverman, 2001)㠢⠁â . That would empower me to break down the discussion with points of view that I was barely to have while meeting. Talking The meeting was occurred in the ground floor at 35 Berkeley Squire with espresso and snacks during noon and endured around 30 minutes. After some casual banter, a typical beginning of meeting (Bogdan Biklen, 2003)㠢⠁â , I turned on the voice recorder, moved the subject to the discussion we had and gotten some information about what he implied by I accept there ought to be various sorts of schools? His answers are right off the bat that no kid is a similar some child[ren] will improve in one kind of schools and besides that on the off chance that you got bunches of schools, you got heaps of experimentsassuming you can look at them then you can make some intrigue discoveries. In the UK we have loads of various schools inside our instruction, and that distinction won't be fundamentally an awful thing, that could be something to be thankful for. At that point, when I got some information about how his conviction was framed? He give me a general, levelheaded depiction of the upsides of having different kinds of school. This however given a more profound clarify of his idea yet at the same time not did the trick what I was looking for, so I asked him in another route that in what age you started to see instruction along these lines? Rather than addressing my inquiry, George pondered whether I needed to place his musings in the exceptionally close to home setting. After my insistence, he at that point kept on disclosing to me that he has followed his own specific manner since very early age. He decided to educate, which generally graduate and furthermore his family wont considered as a great job, in the UK and before long went to instruct in a creating nation. How early do you mean by very early age? I inquired. Likely kind of I went to auxiliary school, he stated, its your training condition empowers sorts of perspectives. Are there any one else informed you concerning this kind of thoughts? I followed. I was in a life experience school and we had what we call house ace I have very parcel of contact with this individual, he [told us] not to acknowledge what the state or others said [without questions][this has ] the effect on me and other people] he replied. Since he referenced the all inclusive school, I at that point bounce and get some information about his sentiments on Summerhill school which was in the third piece of my unique arrangement. In spite of the fact that he clarified that I am not saying that Summerhill ought to be shut or anything like that and I have not been to the Summerhill school so I cannot remark on it, he kept up that I think kids should be methodicallly instructed [if] kids simply be left also would what they like to accomplish for youngsters who have certain character that could be commonly very beneficial thing, for other kids it could be totally calamity there is kind of kids need very parcel of structure. I have detected that George was making the judgment dependent on some inferred esteem which was marginally not quite the same as the verbalized convictions. This additional progressively tense into our discussion and made it increasingly important to me. So I brought up this distinction and shared my experience of comparative conversations in Taiwan. Reacting to my remark, George raised another theme. In spite of many creating nations, likely including Taiwan, indiscriminately duplicate the western training into theirs, there must be some acceptable in theirs that value the western instructions to learn. We discussed this point for some time ( that was fascinating, as well) at that point I ask him the last inquiry about his estimation of what number of British offer comparable perspectives with him. Experience of this meeting My inquiry has been addressed agreeably by this meeting in most degree, and there are a few things I can gain from it. My encounters may be composed into the accompanying two viewpoints. Arrangements Cautiously arrangements ahead of time are useful and fundamental. I found that to familiarize my self with the topic, including the arrangement of posing inquiries, the pertinent cases, for example, the Summerhill school and my encounters in Taiwan, have in

Using Toefl Essay Samples For Free

Using Toefl Essay Samples For FreeUsing Toefl essay samples for free isn't the easiest thing in the world. It's a good idea, however, if you want to impress your professors and other prospective employers. They should have no problems at all accepting your application. Even if they don't accept your application right away, you can still give them an impression of you as a future employee.It would be a good idea to use a variety of templates to use for different classes and essays you will be writing. That way, you can get a feel for what works and what doesn't for that particular topic. Some people love to use the one-word essay that is too long and difficult to understand. This is a recipe for disaster. You can't argue with a boring answer to a question about your life or any other serious topic.You should avoid using over-loaded words on your paper. Make sure you use simple words so that your student has to really work to figure out what it means. By using some simple words, they w on't be distracted and they can learn the meaning of the words much quicker.Using free essay samples for a professor isn't going to help you much. It may actually hurt you. The essay is supposed to express your inner thoughts and opinions. Trying to impress a professor with something you wrote ten minutes ago is not going to work.A good tip is to have a partner to write your essay for you. You don't want to write your essay alone. Many teachers are not going to have time to review your entire project. If you have someone do it for you, it will make your professor very happy and that can help you in other areas of your career.Your essay can easily go to the trash if you just toss it when you get finished. If you do that, your professor is not going to appreciate it. Give your essay a chance to improve your grades and help you stand out from the other students.Be patient during your learning process. You can't expect to master everything in a day. You also don't want to throw your pen down at the first mistake you see. You need to know how to apply what you learned in the classroom.A good idea would be to use Google to find different Toefl essay samples. Go to their website and browse around to find what you need. You will find a lot of good topics and some you might think you might like. Take a look around and decide what is right for you.

The Differing Methods And Aims Of Malcolm X And Martin...

The Differing Methods And Aims Of Malcolm X And Martin Luther King The methods of Malcolm X and martin Luther King were very different but they shared the same basic aim, to improve the lives of black Americans. Possibly these differences in both aims and methods comes from the differences in the way they were raised, Malcolm X was born Marcus Little in Omah, Nebr. Malcolm Xs father was a follower of Marcus Garvey (Garvey believed that Black Americans should go back to Africa and establish Political and economic ties with Africa) 1n 1931 Malcolms father was found dead after being run over, Malcolm blamed white racists, soon after this his mother was committed to a mental hospital. Malcolm spent†¦show more content†¦Malcolm X believed that blacks should be separate from whites as well as equal; he developed this view from the influence of the Nation of Islam and because of the long term abuse and suffering caused by several prominent whites in his life. The views of Malcolm X changed after he left the Nation of Islam in 19__ and he starte d to view Kings methods in a less negative light and began to be more tolerant towards White people, this new stance was developed during his visit to Mecca where he realised that many of the lessons he had learnt from the Nation of Islam where false and unfair and not all whites were white devils Martin Luther Kings aims were to make black people equal with whites in the same society. King appreciated that this would take time and so he set out to prove that the segregation system was not separate and equal, the successes of this struggle gave the civil rights movement press coverage which transmitted their beliefs to the world. King used the methods he learned from Ghandi, he used non-violence protests and tried not to break the law whilst stilling trying to prove the segregation system unfair. This form of non-violent direct action was widely criticised by both Black power organisations (for not being of any significance) and White Americans (for inciting violence) but in truth it highlighted how unjust the segregation systemShow MoreRelatedSocial Justice and Civil Equality: Martin Luther King and Malcolm X3546 Words   |  15 Pagesand civil rights, Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Stokely Carmichael, sought to amend a flawed system. To accomplish this task, thes e men entered the armory and chose to wield nonviolence as their weapon. Their goal: to combat violence with nonviolence, to fight hate with love, and to spread equality through peace. In the end they succeeded. Violence breeds violence, hate breeds hate, it is an ineffective approach and an archaic mean to resolving societies issues. Malcolm X and Carmichael wereRead MoreThe Causes of the Black Riots in the 1960s Essay3133 Words   |  13 Pagestwo main triggering factors which led to these riots. 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The abundance of a black sedimentary rock turned the United States into the world’s coal king. The most extensive—and emptiest—arable plains on the planet became its principal breadbasket. The European population and urbanization explosions created a demand for its fruits, trains and steamers provided a means of transporting them, and EuropeanRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesMultiple Approaches to Creativity 179 Conceptual Blocks 183 Percy Spencer’s Magnetron 185 Spence Silver’s Glue 185 The Four Types of Conceptual Blocks 185 Review of Conceptual Blocks 194 Conceptual Blockbusting 194 Stages in Creative Thought 194 Methods for Improving Problem Definition 195 Ways to Generate More Alternatives 199 International Caveats 202 Hints for Applying Problem-Solving Techniques 203 Fostering Creativity in Others 203 Management Principles 204 SKILL ANALYSIS 210 Cases Involving

The Textuality of My Writing Essay - 2128 Words

â€Å"Text† is an interesting lens to look at writing through. There are literally brand-new spaces for writing being created by new technology and innovations still to be made in existing spaces. For this reason, I chose to look at my writing through the lens of text. Specifically, I will note what text-space, sometimes referred to simply as space, the writing was completed on or in. Text-space is used in this paper to refer to where the writing was done, whether it be an email program, a forum application, or on a piece of paper. Also I will be looking at the writing as text. In this paper the term refers to the writing as an object, the physical appearance. If the writing is typed, the text will appear considerably different if†¦show more content†¦In the email above, though I was connecting my email with me, I didn’t include a picture. I could have snapped a shot of myself the same day I introduced myself to him in class and pasted it in the email to help him connect me and the email. It might not be necessary, but it might have been quite comforting for some people. Similarly, there seems to be no call for fancy text formatting, but I could have included l inks to the course materials that I would be pulling information from. Again, it might have helped him to find something useful, which I simply didn’t include. In short, this space’s mandates did shape the writing. Unfortunately, I did not take full advantage of the space’s potential. The result is an introduction email which could have been typed on a note-card along with my email address without losing much effect. I also wrote a follow-up email, February, 3rd at 7:17pm. The email is the combination of another piece of writing, a list of terminology (study guide) for an American Literature exam. I wrote the terminology list separately in my word processing program on my computer. Then, I copied and pasted it into an email in my web email application to create the piece below. The email’s appearance is considerably different from the introduction email above, and closer assessment reveals some surprises about the relationships between text, text-space, and my writing. The follow-up email follows: Mandates of a text-space may always beShow MoreRelated Text Messaging Enhances Language Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesText Messaging Enhances Language My younger brother sits as his computer everyday after work to talk to his friends through America Online (AOL) Instant Messaging (IM). They use terms like BRB (be right back) and LOL (laugh out loud) that seem a little confusing to the out-dated older sibling. It amazes me that he can carry on a conversation using abbreviations for virtually every word or phrase. 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Essay on American vs Asian Happiness - 847 Words

American /vs/ Asian View on Happiness Sandra Branco 9044618802 PSY/220 January 28, 2013 Jeana Esler View on Happiness View on Happiness Americans associate feelings of happiness with personal achievement, the Asian associate those feelings with an entire society’s harmony. Asian people feel emotion less often than Americans. Asians tended to rate their emotional events as more neutral than Americans rated theirs. Overall, Americans were more likely to see their experiences as â€Å"somewhat pleasant.† Asians respondents more often have mixed emotions in â€Å"predominantly pleasant situations† than Americans do. One reason suggested in the paper is that Asians seem to define advancement of social harmony as†¦show more content†¦For example, Americans believe that happy people are more likely to go to Heaven after death. Happiness is also closely related to health and life satisfaction. The active and explicit pursuit of happiness is one of the best ways of living out an independent personhood, which masters and controls the external environment, identifies and realizes potentials, create s and achieves goals. The Asian perspective individual’s inner attributes, the gratification of personal needs and desires, the amplification of personal achievement, the creation and protection of individual uniqueness are not important concerns: instead, the fulfillment of role obligations in interdependent social relationships, the creation and maintenance of interpersonal harmony, the striving to promote the welfare and prosperity of the family. The Asian culture exhibits a ‘‘habit of hesitation’’ towards happiness. Asians follow the theory of the ancient Yin–Yang philosophy which takes a cosmological view that everything from the cosmos to human life is a never-ending, cyclic process of change, between good and bad, happiness and misery, well-being and ill-being. Americans view Happiness in regards to money, family, and what can give them the most, Asians to me are more focused on the family and community. We as Americans really just see ourselves as happy when we have more than what our neighbor has, and that we have the perfect job, perfect family, friendsShow MoreRelatedThe Immigrant Advantage By Claudia Kolker878 Words   |  4 PagesIn Claudia Kolker’s book The Immigrant Advantage, she talks about the cultural tradition of arranged marriages brought by South Asian immigrants to the United States. Kolker agrues that arranged marriages are much more effective in finding a spouse than traditional marriages. Kolker believes that this tradition of assistive marriage should be adopted by Americans. Research and studies have shown that â€Å"women in arranged marriages rated the highest marital status† (Kolker, 71) compared to couples whoRead MoreInterracial Marriage Should Be Legal1365 Words   |  6 PagesStates. 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A Case of Digital Gaming Revolution

Questions: Tasks: The digital gaming revolution has given birth to a multitude of consoles and their various genres of game play from fitness to fighting, from brain training to brain draining. As we approach the peak selling season many new games are being launched at their relevant targets. For the management accountants of the many companies involved the pricing and costing of these products is a perpetual nightmare. You as a management accountant are to prepare a paper to present at a computer games conference. This paper should critically evaluate in detail the following: 1. How would the following techniques be applied in the industry? a) Life cycle costing b) Target costing 2. The market based pricing strategies that should be considered for the launch of any new computer game/ console and recommend the strategy to be chosen for your organisation. (Playstation 3) 3. Each stage in the life cycle of a particular game/ console and the issues that your management team will need to consider a t each stage. (production - limited stock, how much we need to make?, material availability, Sales - how much can we sell? Cost and Sale price need to balance, Managers - manageable, workers to complete the job) 4. Other information that you consider will set your paper apart from the competitors. Answer: 1. Application of financial costing techniques in gaming industry a) Life cycle costing This managerial costing technique determines the cost of the product based on the overall life of the product starting from the procurement cost to the manufacturing costs (Adler, 2011). Since the gaming industry is largely dominated by fast selling innovative products hence the companies can effectively use the life cycle costing to determine the production costs and revenue of the video games at each stage of the product life cycle. The industry life cycle of the gaming industry shows that the three major video game companies namely Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo are all in the mature phase of the Industry life cycle. The developed countries are experiencing maturity in terms of hardware and software developments in the gaming industry (Loughran, 2012). Figure 1: Industry life cycle of Gaming industry (Source:T anner, Davis and Davis, 2011, pp-56) Since gaming industry is in the maturity stage of the product life cycle hence the management of the companies can effectively use the following stages of life cycle costing : Make an account for resources used in the past stages and identify the costs of the resources (Jin, 2010) Take decisions on improvement of product designs to retain the target market Identify costs for effective after sale services Assessment of renewal costs to prevent the products from moving on to declining phase of the PLC. b) Target costing Hall(2010) opined that target costing is the approach that helps the companies to reduce the cost at the introduction stage of the new product development by integrating costs of product design, product price, expected profit and product cost (Hwang, 2010). As per reports of Mintel, Sony computer Entertainment and many other Japanese companies are adopting target costing in order to control gaming costs over the product life cycle. The gaming industry can tactfully adopt the target costing procedure in order to increase sales by reducing costs. Step 1: Product design and price Step 2: Determination of desired profit Step 3: Target cost (Step 1- Step 2) Step 4: Engineer the product to achieve the desired cost (Refer to appendix 1) The Bloomberg report shows that by adopting Target costing in the year 2013 Microsoft has been able to increase its sale of Xbox One more than Sonys Play station 4. As an additional feature, the company introduced additional features like multilayer interface, Blue ray players and subscription game networks. (Refer to appendix 2) 2. Analysis of market based pricing strategies for launch of new computer game The gaming industry initially considers the Life cycle costing for the launch of any new video game in the market. When a new game console is introduced, in the introduction stage the marketer adopts premium-pricing strategy (Corbeil, 2012). The companies in this stage sets high price for the product so that the exclusiveness of the product can be expressed to the customers. For instance, Sony adopted a premium pricing strategy at the launch of Play station 4 in 2013 and priced the new generation video game at around 349. Similarly, Microsoft launched its Xbox One at around 429 premium price. This strategy attracts the customers because the customers want to be the first purchasers of the innovated products. This drives the sales of the video games in the introduction stage of the life cycle (Hilary and Hsu, 2011). With the increase in the demand for the product the video games thus launched reaches the growth stage. Being a technological product, the demand decreases with the passage of time. Hence, in this stage the gaming companies use the price skimming strategy. Sony and Microsoft use this strategy to set premium price in the initial stage and gradually lower the price to make the game versions available to a wider target market. The use of the price skimming strategy by Sony in case of Play station 3 in the Asian markets has helped the company to acquire 65% of the market share of the Asian countries (Dormans, 2011). In this stage to maintain the product demand, the companies also offer captive deals. These deals include purchasing of accessory items along with the game software of the same company in order to play the game. For instance to play Halo the customer needs to purchase Microsofts Xbox 360. In the maturity stage, the price skimming strategy is maintained but since the target, market becomes stagnant hence to initiate sales the gaming companies uses bundle pricing strategies. Here the companies offer a bundle of products like Sony offering additional controllers, remote controls and additional game discs along with Play station 3 (Maksoud, 2011). This deal is profitable for the customer because if these accessories are purchased separately then the customer will incur high expenses compared to the low bundled price offered by Sony. Hence, this initiates sales. High technological changes, changes in customers demands and preferences and introduction of new range of games forces all versions of video games to move to the declining stage of the product life cycle (Miller and Washington, 2012). In this stage, the companys major focus is on reducing the price to the lowest possible amount. Here the companies adopt economy-pricing strategies. This strategy enables the companies to attract the specific target customers who are budget sensitive and were waiting for the price reduction in order to make purchase. In this stage, the company should not invest in improving the existing game version rather should invest on introduction of a new version. For instance, Sony adopted an economy- pricing strategy in case of Play station 3 and launched Play station 4 by adopting premium-pricing strategy. This helped Sony to gain profit from the sale of both the Play stations simultaneously (Wesley and Barczak, 2010). Figure 2: Pricing strategies adopted by Video gaming companies at various stages of product life cycle of video games (Source: Tulloch, 2010, pp-96) 2.1 Recommendation of strategy for Play station 3 Sonys Play station 3 that was introduced in 2006 was launched at a premium price of 599. However, the introduction of the Play Station 4 in 2013 indicates that Play station 3 is in its declining stage of PLC (Merchant and Zambon, 2010). From the launch to the declining stage the company adopted the different pricing strategies and with the adoption of price skimming continued to lower the price if the Play station by 20% every year (Ensslin, 2011). For Sony to increase the sale of Play Station 3 in Asian market the company needs to adopt the economy pricing strategy. Suppose if the launch price of the Play station was = 400 and a 20% reduction is experienced each year with the movement of the PLC then the product will be priced as follows: Year 1 (2007): 400 Year 2 (2008): 320 Year 3 (2009): 256 Year 4 (2010): 205 Year 5 (2011): 123 Year 6 (2012): 98.40 Year 7 (2013): 78.72 Figure 3: Prices of video games in different stages of PLC (Source: created by author) 3. Each stage in life cycle of a game and issues related to the stages As per Forbes, analysis majority of the video games generates 85% of the total sales in the first year of launch. After the first year, the games are replaced by the updates versions (Refer to appendix 3). However, the companies face various issues in the various stages of the life cycle. Although the sales decrease in the growth and maturity stage however the companies do not discard the product hence they are involved in different issues. The issues are as follows: Production issues: At the introduction stage, the companies face difficulty in forecasting of the customer demand and hence are not able to make production capacity details. At the growth and the maturity stage the initial demand has been confirmed and hence the just in time approach is followed by the companies to maintain production capacity (Roehl-Anderson, Bragg and Willson, 2005). Resources issue: The digital technologies, CDs, DVDs, and blue ray discs, the use of extensive technologies makes the production of video games costly. The basic manufacturing processes like creation of game records and game formats also are costly hence the companies face cost reduction issues in terms of video games production in each stage of PLC (Hilton, 2005). Sale forecast: It is difficult for the companies to forecast the actual sales statistics in the maturity and declining stage of the video game (Merchant, 2011). Hence, this in turn makes it difficult for the company to plan the production forecast in these two stages. Pricing strategy: The companies have to keep on reducing the prices and adopt different pricing strategies in the different product life cycle stages. For this constant monitoring of the external market is necessary to track the technological changes in the product. Labor issues: The success and invention of a game depends on the thought and innovation of the human effort. Hence, the labor and the human force are the primary backbone of the companies. In the maturity and growth, stages the companies have to incur high labor charges since they try to innovate and make technological changes in the product features to suit the needs to the market (Zagal and Mateas, 2010). 4. Additional information on Video gaming industry As per the reports of Forbes the video gaming industry target market comprises of three types of customers among which 40% are female and 60% are male. Under 18 years 25% 18 to 39 years 49% 40 and above 26% UK records for around 1902 active game companies alone and the 3 major companies regulating this industry are Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo. However, the introduction of Smartphone apps has contributed to the development of gaming industry. Thousands of games making hubs are found in different parts of UK. (Refer to appendix 4). The video games industry has flourished in the present social status and the customers generally prefer purchasing the games in the initial introductory stages (McCoy, 2010). However, the growth of the industry is still stagnant in the developing countries and hence the companies can market the products in the developing and Asian countries with economy pricing strategy to generate sales from the declining stage of the products. With the growth of the mobile devices like smart phones and tablets, entertainment value of the video games will further increase in the future years (Shan and An, 2010). Reference list Adler, R. (2011).Management accounting. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Corbeil, P. (2012). Book review: Stretching Video Games.Simulation Gaming, 43(2), pp.286-288. Dormans, J. (2011). Beyond Iconic Simulation.Simulation Gaming. Ensslin, A. (2011). Do avatars dream of electric steak? Video games and the gendered semiotics of food.journal of gaming virtual worlds, 3(1), pp.37-50. Hall, M. (2010). Accounting information and managerial work.Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(3), pp.301-315. Hilary, G. and Hsu, C. (2011). Endogenous overconfidence in managerial forecasts.Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51(3), pp.300-313. Hilton, R. (2005).Managerial accounting. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hwang, S. (2010).Advanced management accounting. Singapore: Pearson Custom Pub. Jin, D. (2010).Korea's online gaming empire. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Loughran, M. (2012).Intermediate accounting for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. Maksoud, A. (2011). Management accounting practices and managerial techniques and practices in manufacturing firms: Egyptian evidence.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 3(3), p.237. McCoy, L. (2010).Video Games. New York: Infobase Pub. Merchant, K. (2011). Malea Fashion District: A New Way to Learn Managerial Accounting Antonio Davila and Daniel Oyon.European Accounting Review, 20(1), pp.190-192. Merchant, K. and Zambon, S. (2010). Malea Fashion District: A New Way to Learn Managerial Accounting.European Accounting Review, 19(4), pp.860-862. Miller, R. and Washington, K. (2012).Casinos, gaming wagering 2012. Loganville, GA: Richard K. Miller Associates. Roehl-Anderson, J., Bragg, S. and Willson, J. (2005).Controllership, the work of the managerial accountant. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Shan, L. and An, J. (2010). Gaming of Strategy--Strategic Realignment of Chinese Dairy Industry.International Business Research, 3(3). Tanner, D., Davis, C. and Davis, E. (2011).Study guide to accompany Managerial accounting. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Tulloch, R. (2010). A man chooses, a slave obeys: agency, interactivity and freedom in video gaming.journal of gaming virtual worlds, 2(1), pp.27-38. Wesley, D. and Barczak, G. (2010).Innovation and marketing in the video game industry. Farnham [Surrey, England]: Gower. Zackariasson, P. and Wilson, T. (2012).The video game industry. New York: Routledge. Zagal, J. and Mateas, M. (2010). Time in Video Games: A Survey and Analysis.Simulation Gaming, 41(6), pp.844-868.